corrosion resistance tables schweitzer pdf
corrosion resistance tables schweitzer pdf
151176 Austenitic Stainless Steel Family 163 TABLE 10.2 Continued Maximum Temperature Chemical Perchloric acid, 10% Perchloric acid, 70% Phenola Phosphoric acid, 5080%c Picric acida Potassium bromide, 30% Salicylic acid Silver bromide, 10% Sodium carbonate, 30% Sodium chloride, to 30%a Sodium hydroxide, 10% Sodium hydroxide, 50% Sodium hydroxide, conc. Biological corrosion 9. In the HC/H2 conversion reaction, the rst step of the process, 2HC C 2e/ 2H proceeds rapidly, whereas the second step, 2H/ H2 takes place more slowly and can become a rate-controlling factor. Sulfates are deposited primarily by wet deposition and experience a lifetime of 35 days. Sodium hypochlorite, 30% Sodium sulde, to 50% Stannic chloride Stannous chloride, 10% Sulfuric acid, 10% Sulfuric acid, 50% Sulfuric acid, 70% Sulfuric acid, 90% Sulfuric acid, 98% Sulfuric acid, 100% Sulfuric acid, fuming Sulfurous acid, 5% Toluene Trichloroacetic acid Zinc chloride, 20% 430 (8F/8C) 444 (8F/8C) X X X X X 70/21 X X X X X X X X X 70/21a XM-27 (8F/8C) 90/32 90/32 X X X X 280/138 360/182 210/99 200/93 The chemicals listed are in the pure state or in a saturated solution unless otherwise indicated. Another factor affecting the relative corrosive rate resulting from rain is the orientation of the metal surface. It also has good abrasion resistance. The chemical composition will be TABLE 7.3 Chemical Composition of Alloy 409 (S40900) Chemical Weight Percent Carbon Manganese Silicon Chromium Nickel Phosphorus Sulfur Titanium Iron 0.08 1 1 10.511.751 0.5 0.045 0.045 6!%C min0.75% max Balance 8243CHAPTER 77/11/200619:53THIRAVIAGURU14187XML MODEL B pp. 137 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion 17 1. Click here to navigate to respective pages. Stainless type 201 was developed as a substitute for type 304 stainless. The natural segregation in cast steels may produce different results. In dilute solutions, the presence of oxidizing salts such as cupric or ferric actually reduces the corrosion rates. To trace such a diagram, the concentration of the dissolved material must be xed. A measurable effect as a result of exposure in this temperature range due to welding has been demonstrated. The rate of uniform attack is reported in various units. 109122 118 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals 45 Scaling % weight loss 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 % Chromium 20 22 24 FIGURE 6.2 Effect of chromium content on scaling resistance at 18008F (9828C). Many of these nd their major usage in the high-temperature world of gas turbines and furnaces, but several are used primarily by the chemical industry for aqueous corrosion service. These stainless steels have facecentered austenite structure from below 328F (08C) up to near melting temperatures. This is a low-carbon alloy with molybdenum added to improve chloride pitting resistance. The corrosion resistance of type 308 is slightly better than that of type 304 stainless. TABLE 9.8 Chemical Composition of Type 422 Stainless Steel Chemical Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Molybdenum Vanadium Tungsten Iron Weight Percent 0.20.25 1.00 0.025 0.025 0.75 11.0013.00 0.51.00 0.751.25 0.150.30 0.751.25 Balance 8243CHAPTER 93/11/200617:10BSARAVANAN14189XML MODEL B pp. Because corrosion is so uniform, corrosion rates for materials are often expressed in terms of metal thickness loss per unit time. Type 321 stainless steel can be used with improved corrosion resistance wherever type 316 is suitable, particularly in the presence of nitric acid. These alloys have better general corrosion resistance than type 304 and type 309. 1999. As a result, adding more nickel to the 18-8 composition offers little benet from a corrosion standpoint and would be detrimental in other regards. 8243CHAPTER 33/11/200616:56TRGANESH14183XML MODEL B pp. Ammonium hydroxide, sat. Electrochemical reactions, e.g., MeMen+ + ne 1 O + H O + 2e 2OH. Some may also end with additional letters and/or numerical digits. Most metals, if exposed to the atmosphere at room temperature with virtually no humidity present, will form an oxide lm. Type 321H is a high-carbon type stainless steel with better hightemperature creep properties; it meets the requirements of ASME Section VIII Table UHA-21, Footnote 8. that are easily polarized or removed are considered to be soft acids or bases. 205220 206 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals centered around forging difculties, but these problems have been overcome to some extent. Other related corrosion phenomena are corrosion fatigue, delayed brittle fatigue, and hydrogen stress cracking. Table 9.2 provides the compatibility of type 410 stainless steel with selected corrodents. TABLE 9.12 Chemical Composition of Type 440C Stainless Steel Chemical Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Molybdenum Iron Weight Percent 0.951.2 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0018.00 0.75 Balance 8243CHAPTER 93/11/200617:10BSARAVANAN14189XML MODEL B pp. In actuality, the superalloys are really dispersion-hardened alloys because they achieve their strength by a ne dispersion of these compounds. This theory was not universally accepted. 137 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion 5 because the coloration is given by copper hydroxide compounds. 1993. 6782 82 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) that produce acidic hydrogen sulde, which is highly corrosive to steel. 8243CHAPTER 133/11/200617:14BSARAVANAN14193XML MODEL B pp. Corrosion Resistance Tables, Vols. Uniform corrosion is generally thought of in terms of metal loss due to chemical attack or dissolution of the metallic component into metallic ions. A protective sulde lm is formed that prevents excessive attack. Schweitzer. If possible, common designations are used within the ve numerical digits for user convenience, for example, A92024 is for 2024 aluminum, C36000 for copper alloy 360, and S31600 for type 316 stainless steel. Source: From P.A. Potential/pH diagrams (Pourbaix diagrams) graphically represent the stability of a metal and its corrosion products as a function of the potential and pH of an aqueous solution. Although the strength of this alloy is higher than that of type 304, its corrosion resistance is inferior. Compatibility is shown to the maximum allowable temperature for which data are available. It is a relatively complicated system consisting of a metal, corrosion products, 8243CHAPTER 23/11/200616:54TRGANESH14182XML MODEL B pp. Exceptions to this are gold and platinum that are already in their metallic state. Most of the old AISI designations were retained as the rst three digits of the UNS number such that the old Stainless 405, a basic 12% Cr balance iron material, is designated UNS S40500. Nickel in the ironchromiumnickel alloys will improve the resistance to carburization by lowering the solubility of carbon, but not to the same degree that silicon and chromium do. While the wrought austenitic SSTs have complete austenitic structures in the annealed condition, the castings are chemically balanced to form some ferrite as they solidify. In general, carbon steel should not be used in contact with dilute acids. This can occur outdoors during the night when the surface temperature of the metal is lowered as a result of radiant heat transfer between the metal and the sky. Care must be taken when selecting these alloys because the boundary between acceptable and poor performance is very sharp. By adding about 8243CHAPTER 103/11/200617:05CRCPAG14190XML MODEL B pp. Increasing chromium contents in steel expands the passive region signicantly; adding molybdenum raises the potential required for the initiation of a pitting-type attack. 8398 84 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals At the present time there are three designation systems commonly used for cast materials. After nal machining, the material is generally heat-treated to form a martensitic matrix for maximum hardness and wear resistance. The most practical approach is to use either a low carbon content or stabilized austenitic stainless steel. Magnetic permeability. 8243CHAPTER 23/11/200616:54TRGANESH14182XML MODEL B pp. Carbonaceous particles can start the corrosion process by forming cathodes in microcells with a steel surface. Although he studied the metallurgical structure and mechanical properties of the chromiumiron alloys and the chromiumironnickel alloys, he did not recognize the outstanding property of passivity. Also, the bacteriocides fail to reach the areas underneath deposits where the bacteria thrive. Nickel reduces the thermal expansion differential between the alloy and the oxide lm, thereby reducing stresses at the alloyoxide interface during cooling. Stagnant solution conditions lead to pitting. When concentration polarization occurs, the increased velocity of the media will disperse the concentrating species. 2.2.1.4 Rain Rain creates even thicker layers of electrolyte on the surface than dew. These effects will vary from one material to another. It should also be kept in mind that the more alloying 8243CHAPTER 63/11/200617:01TRGANESH14186XML MODEL B pp. 8243CHAPTER 43/11/200616:57TRGANESH14184XML MODEL B pp. The carbon content of the alloy can be present in several different forms: graphite akes, irregular graphite modules, graphite spheres, iron carbides, cementite, and combinations of these. It has better corrosion resistance than types 317L, 316L, or 304L, and the best chloride resistance of the 300-series stainless steels. The lm thickness on nickel is between 0.9 and 1.2 mm, whereas the iron oxide lm is between 1 and 4 mm. 8243CHAPTER 103/11/200617:05CRCPAG14190XML MODEL B pp. It is corrosion resistant to atmospheric exposures, sterilizing solutions, most organic and many inorganic chemicals, most dyes, nitric acid, and foods. Chromium carbides form at the grain boundaries, leaving a zone that is chromium-depleted. Seawater may cause pitting corrosion particularly under low-ow or stagnant conditions, or at elevated temperatures. 177195 190 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals TABLE 11.5 Continued Maximum Temperature Chemical 8F 8C Sulfuric acid, 50%a Sulfuric acid, 70%a Sulfuric acid, 90%a Sulfuric acid, 98%a Sulfuric acid, 100%a Sulfuric acid, fuming Sulfurous acida Zinc chloride, 5% 210 150 180 220 230 99 66 82 104 110 370 140 X 188 60 The chemicals listed are in the pure state or in a saturated solution unless otherwise indicated. The chemical composition will be found in Table 13.3. In dilute water solutions, the most important variable is acidity or solution pH. For this form of attack to occur, there must be a specic environment. Most pitting is associated with halide ions (chlorides, bromides), and hypochlorites are particularly aggressive. The larger this potential difference, the greater the driving force of the reaction. 99108 100 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals TABLE 5.1 Ferritic Stainless Steels AISI Type UNS Designation AISI Type UNS Designation S40500 S40900 S42900 S43000 S43020 S43023 S43400 S43600 S44200 446 439 444 26-1 26-3-3 29-4 29-4C 29-4-2 S44600 S43035 S44400 S44627 S44660 S44700 S44735 S44800 405 409 429 430 430F 430FSe 434 436 442 Numbering System and the Unied Numbering System (UNS) that were developed by ASTM and SAE to apply to all commercial metals and alloys, dene specic alloy compositions. This includes adequate resistance to most foods, a wide range of organic chemicals, mild inorganic acids, and most natural environmental corrosion. At approximately 10% concentration of boiling sulfuric acid, the corrosion rate becomes excessive. Type 304N has nitrogen added to the alloy, which improves its resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. 10.18 Type 348 (S34800) Type 348 stainless is the same as type 347 except that the tantalum content is restricted to a maximum of 0.10%. The overall nature is determined by the ratio of specic gases, vapors, or molten material in the environment. The second letter ranges TABLE 4.1 Letter Prexes Used in UNS Prex A C D E F G H J K L M N P R S T W Z Alloy Series Aluminum and aluminum alloys Copper and copper alloys Steels with special mechanical properties Rare earths and rate earth-like metals and alloys Cast irons Carbon and alloy steels AISI H-steels (hardenability controlled) Cast steels, except tool steels Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys Low melting temperature metals and alloys Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys Nickel and nickel alloys Precious metals and alloys Reactive and refractory metals and alloys Heat- and corrosion-resistant (stainless) steels Tool steels Welding ller metals Zinc and zinc alloys 8243CHAPTER 43/11/200616:57TRGANESH14184XML MODEL B pp.
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