sustainable hydrogen production

sustainable hydrogen production

Governments including those of Germany, Britain, Australia and Japan are working on or have announced hydrogen strategies. A new hybrid modeling approach should be built to overcome the noted challenge. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.03.066. A disjunctive programming approach for optimizing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen symbiosis networks. In this regard, Al-Haidous et al. The efficiencies and carbon emission performance of H2 production system will be enhanced by the utilization of the excess material and energy streams from the industries. (2009). The challenge will be in the formulation of the optimization problem to synthesize integrated systems for H2 production considering the competing objectives of maximizing the production of green and blue H2 in the hydrogen supply chain network (HSCN). The Peninsula Newspaper. doi: 10.1080/00207543.2016.1174788, Schmidtchen, U. Table 1 shows that H2 production via electrolysis ($10.3 per kg H2) is 5 times that of established technologies ($ 1.52.3 per kg H2). Comput. AIChE J. Very limited focus has been given for the export-oriented supply chain. Inherently safer design tool (i-SDT): a property-based risk quantification metric for inherently safer design during the early stage of process synthesis. Kim et al. Available online at: https://www.marinelink.com/news/imo-hydrogens-future-maritime-467713 (accessed September 30, 2020). (2019). These safeguards can be enforced by frequent inspections and maintenance of facility. J. Figure 3. Available online at: https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/blueprint-prepared-for-australia-s-hydrogen-trade (accessed September 30, 2020). Ind. Chem. Addressing this dual challenge requires a collective effortpoliticians, business leaders, technologists and consumersto take careful and meaningful action. (2019). ELEGANCY Dutch Case Study: TNO Initiates Industrial Participation with H-Vision Project. An integrated and tunable system for the production of syngas and chemicals via solar-assisted electrolysis and combined reforming (El-Halwagi and Campbell, 2018). Qatar has already invested in the renewable markets and has set targets to increase its renewable energy share of the energy mix as part of its Second National Development Strategy 20182022 (QSNDS, 2018). Today, hydrogen made from fossil fuels costs between $1-$1.8/kg. H2 network in reality is cross linked with NG supply chains, and its realization will help decarbonize the industrial sector and sustain natural gas for value added product. How green hydrogen could power tomorrow's industry. Such as discharge water from any industry can be the potential source of electrolysis, if the quality of the water is enough after the wastewater treatment facility. Almansoori and Shah have considered the import of feedstock from other countries in their studies but did not consider the global market (Almansoori and Shah, 2009, 2012). The role of electricity in decarbonizing European road transport development and assessment of an integrated multi-sectoral model. It has an extremely low density and must therefore be kept at high pressure (range 10,00015,000 psi) to produce a sufficient mass for practical application (Dawood et al., 2020). H2 produced from hydrocarbon sources, where the generated carbon emissions are captured or utilized, are considered blue H2. Hydrogen produced from nuclear is also considered as blue H2 due to the small amount of carbon emissions. Energy 262:114452. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114452, Shiva Kumar, S., and Himabindu, V. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.059, Dayhim, M., Jafari, M. A., and Mazurek, M. (2014). will be ideal starting point, where renewable hydrogen is a good solution for achieving climatic objectives. 4.03 - hydrogen economics and policy, in Comprehensive Renewable Energy, ed A. Sayigh (Oxford: Elsevier), 6595. (2015). Japan, US, and EU have already started programs to integrate the use of H2 in the shipping sector. Int. In addition, safety in the design of the integrated system should be consider. It has committed to build large scale solar power facility with a capacity of 800 MW (Peninsula, 2020), as part of sustaining their natural gas resources, reduced carbon emission and as part of fulfilling their commitment toward a carbon neutral event the 2022 World Cup.. Its called grey hydrogen if it comes from gas, while the hydrogen produced from coal is called black. Int. *Correspondence: Fadwa Eljack, fadwa.eljack@qu.edu.qa, Climate Change Mitigation and Environmental Benefit of Eco-Industrial Development and Regional Symbiosis Practices, View all Role of policies in support of a multi-sector global hydrogen economy. Chem. Eng. Currently, it is one of the largest exporters of cleaner energy to the world. This framework enables the multi-scale targeting and integration of hydrocarbon processing systems. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.167, Kim, J., Chung, B. D., Kang, Y., and Jeong, B. Hydrogen production for energy: an overview. The pace of discussion on green hydrogen has picked up, especially since the outbreak of coronavirus. The approach in this integrated tunable system for Syngas production shows the value of maximizing the use of by-product or material stream and waste heat recovery in the valorization of H2 production. Protect. Ishaq, H., and Dincer, I. The insertion point is the link point where the two supply chains cross. Nevertheless, the perceived high risk associated with hydrogen by society is an important challenge that must be addressed before any widespread use can be achieved. Therefore, the objective of this paper will be to highlight the state-of-art, perspective and recommendation on hydrogen economy for developing H2 supply chain mapping for Qatar's Industrial, Transportation, Shipping and Global Market Sectors in order to leverage the tradeoffs and to maximize the production of H2 as a clean energy source with a bigger role in the energy mix. According to the Hydrogen Council, a United Nations entity under the World Economic Forum, Hydrogen is projected to contribute greatly to the transportation sector (around 150 MTPA), industrial sector (around 110 MTPA), followed by power generation (around 140 MTPA), and others. Hydrogen enrichment on diesel engine with biogas in dual fuel mode. (2019). Int. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818634-3.50052-7, Al-shanini, A., Ahmad, A., and Khan, F. (2014). Hydrogen production facility will be an integral part of the eco-industrial park. Energy 171, 910927. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 72667277. doi: 10.1016/j.coche.2016.07.004, Eljack, F., Kazi, M.-K., and Kazantzi, V. (2019). Energy Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.040. Important emerging elements of clean energy progress hydrogen electrolysers and lithium-ion batteries are on the verge of becoming the decades breakout technologies. 45, 3448334493. 6. The possible sources of such uncertainties could be categorized into strategic uncertainty (i.e., government incentives and policies, hydrogen demand, technology evolution, and feedstock supply), and operational uncertainty (i.e., machine failure, feedstock supply costs, by-products selling price, and hydrogen selling price fluctuations) (Li et al., 2019). doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.07.109, Almansoori, A., and Shah, N. (2012). FE supervised the project. 69, 7990. It should allow policy makers to simultaneously monitor the complexity of parameters and the flexibility of constraints, which are the key to the design of the hydrogen production networks. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.276, Gener, E., and Agrawal, R. (2017). Chapter 2 - hydrogen policy, market, and R&D projects, in Solar Hydrogen Production, eds F. Calise, M. D. D'Accadia, M. Santarelli, A. Lanzini, and D. Ferrero (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press), 3144. Whereas, the economic benefits should be quantified by how well companies can collect revenue streams or reduce disposal costs by gaining advantage of receiving byproducts, avoiding transportation fees or obtaining inputs at a discount. Environ. (2019). Whereas, initial works on gray H2 production showed that considering mixing feedstocks can be beneficial for improving the operating profit as well as the energy efficiencies of the process (Ketabchi et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019). (2003). Int. (2016) developed a mixed-integer integer programming formulation for optimizing the number of cryogenic vessels that are requested for delivering LNG cargoes. Optimiz. Then there is blue hydrogen, an upgrade of the grey, where the CO2 emitted is captured upstream, so the system doesnt emit CO2 in the atmosphere.. (2015). Figure 6. It is worth noting that, despite the importance of the versatility of the restrictions in the hydrogen supply chains, none of the researchers has monitored their impact in the model formulation in the literature (Fazli-Khalaf et al., 2020). Curr. The European Commission has earmarked clean hydrogen - a loose term which can include gas-based hydrogen, if fitted with technology to capture the resulting emissions, as well as green hydrogen - as a priority area for industry in its Green Deal. 3, 199212. Loss Prev. Energy 257:114024. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114024, Zareei, J., and Rohani, A. Design and operation of a stochastic hydrogen supply chain network under demand uncertainty. In that respect, management in the strategy planning horizon faces mainly two forms of uncertainties. The problem requires selecting suppliers, warehouse locations and sizing, as well as the material flows. Yet, the role of H2 in today's energy mix is nowhere to be seen; the main challenge is in the production costs associated with H2 from renewable sources; that is H2 production systems that result in near zero to low carbon emission. In addition, the expanding electrolysis capacity that is forecasted will have another added impact in reducing the production costs of green H2. Globally, Japan has initiated a H2 plan back in 2014 and has developed strategies for H2 supply chain to decarbonize its transportation sector. Sustain. Higher carbon prices would also encourage the shift. WIPO IP, US patent application, Geneva, Switzerland. Knowledge about hydrogen physical properties has increased, including accident modeling and prediction (Al-shanini et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2018). Global H2 production is around 70 million tons per annum (MTPA). The diversified economic base, regional proximity and the facilitation of rules, strategies and policies may be the key drivers that support the creation of a multi-sector hydrogen supply chain in Qatar. In order to achieve these targets, they mandated a shift from dependence on fossil fuels to an energy mix in the shipping sector that includes low carbon emitting fuels (see Figure 3) (DNV GL, 2017). Cost-benefit analysis to support decarbonization scenario for 2030: a case study in Italy. Sci. They identified that when the leak source is close to the ground and the initial gas pressure and release rate are significantly higher, lower flammability limit (LFL) will increase in hydrogen flammable gas cloud. C Emerg. Flexible production of green hydrogen and ammonia from variable solar and wind energy: case study of chile and argentina. Besides, waste/by-product exchanges, several different kinds of synergies are also possible, such as the sharing of resources and shared facilities. J. Techno-economic analysis of large-scale green and blue H2 production systems suggests that there is a clear need of combining renewable energy sources to be competitive with the existing commercial production of gray H2 (Abdin and Mrida, 2019; Armijo and Philibert, 2020; van der Roest et al., 2020). Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.05.026, Talebian, H., Herrera, O. E., and Mrida, W. (2019). J. Hydrogen Energy 39, 67896801. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 71287140. Nonetheless, hydrogen use has expanded to over 8 million tons annually as a chemical reagent and rocket propellant. For Qatar, H2 can become a major player in diversifying its energy mix, expanding its industrial supply chain profile and reducing its environmental footprint. IEA (2019b). Available online at: https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hydrogen-scaling-up-Hydrogen-Council.pdf (accessed September 30, 2020). Renew. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.02.132. Figure 5. Copyright 2021 Eljack and Kazi. Strategic planning for the supply chain of aviation biofuel with consideration of hydrogen production. Chapter 3 - hydrogen production, in Solar Hydrogen Production, eds F. Calise, M. D. D'Accadia, M. Santarelli, A. Lanzini, and D. Ferrero (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press), 4583. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.116, Helgeson, B., and Peter, J. The editor and reviewer's affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Hence green H2 costs are another challenge facing the H2 role in the energy mix (Shiva Kumar and Himabindu, 2019). Clean. However, increased demand could reduce the cost of electrolysis. Int. Sci. It can become the H2 capital of the world. What is also exciting is that with the recent dramatic fall in renewable energy prices - particularly in the southern and eastern Mediterranean countries where we work, and potentially with offshore wind being developed in countries from Turkey to Poland and Greece, too - these countries could become sources of production of green hydrogen, with projects we could consider investing in, within a few years, Mr Carraretto added. We could use these circumstances, where loads of public money are going to be needed into the energy system, to jump forward towards a hydrogen economy, said Diederik Samsom, who heads the European Commissions climate cabinet. Flagship Report. And the reason why its important is that not all economic activities can move to renewables only. The intended H2 supply chain network in Qatar will not exist by itself, there are natural synergies with the existing natural gas supply chain. Increasing operational efficiency through the integration of an oil refinery and an ethylene production plant. It should be noted that there are different type of H2, and their classification is based on the source of production (see Figure 6). All major energy outlook scenarios show that H2 and renewable energy resources will be the main drivers toward global reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.123, Almansoori, A., and Shah, N. (2009). Modular design of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen symbiosis networks over a time horizon with limited natural resources. Kiss, E. Zondervan, R. Lakerveld, and L. zkan (Eindhoven: Elsevier), 307312. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018. Hydrogen is also able to attack, and damage certain materials used to build storage containers, pipes, valves, and other equipment at the point of leakage. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.06.116, Lee, W.-S., Oh, H.-T., Lee, J.-C., Oh, M., and Lee, C.-H. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.06.011, Kazi, M.-K., Eljack, F., El-Halwagi, M. M., and Haouari, M. (in press). Eljack, F., and Kazi, M.-K. (2016). Any delay in the delivery of such a strategic product could trigger price volatility and social discontent. Introducing power-to-H3: combining renewable electricity with heat, water and hydrogen production and storage in a neighbourhood. But in those HSCN for transportation the following issue were not considered: No works addressed the integration of the raw materials for large-scale green or blue H2 production. Large scale LH2 supply chain project & H2 gas turbine demonstration. Appl. to achieve speedy expansion (Hughes and Agnolucci, 2012). This recent patent by El-Halwagi and Campbell (2018) proposed the harvesting of solar energy and use of electrolysis for the production of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) and integrating these products with synthesis gas (H2 and CO) and produced from established methane reforming processes (see Figure 7). doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.03.037, Oliveira, M. T., Reis, L. H. A., Medeiros, D. S. V., Carrano, R. C., Olabarriaga, S. D., and Mattos, D. M. F. (2020). Table 1. And those scenarios have H2 playing a bigger role in world's energy mix (IEA, 2019b). J. Hydrogen Energy. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.218. Australia has set aside A$300 million ($191 million) to jumpstart hydrogen projects. Inclusion of hydrogen in global energy mix. Energy Policy 142:111545. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111545, van der Roest, E., Snip, L., Fens, T., and van Wijk, A. Coupled with falling renewable energy costs, green hydrogen could fall to $1.5/kg by 2050 and possibly sub-$1/kg, making it competitive with natural gas. But only around 6% of the produced H2 is for pure H2 demand, which indicates that it has a limited role in the global energy mix (see Figure 1). All of these past works could manage just a few of the scenarios that are difficult to anticipate in the hydrogen supply chain subject. Res. Energy Transition Outlook 2017. The primary security problem is that if a leak is unidentified and the gas collects in a confined area, it can eventually set fire to an explosion (Dawood et al., 2020). Blueprint Prepared for Australia's Hydrogen Trade. Technology Report. Currently, HSC optimization has mostly focused on the transportation sector. doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2018.03.013, Nastasi, B. 57, 280290. Such symbiosis can enhance the mutual relationship between diverse industries and urban planning by exploring varied scopes of multi-purpose hydrogen usage (i.e., clean energy source as a safer carrier, industrial feedstock and intermittent products, vehicle and shipping fuel, and international energy trading, etc.) Geospatial modelling of the hydrogen infrastructure in France in order to identify the most suited supply chains. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.038, Dawood, F., Anda, M., and Shafiullah, G. M. (2020). Comput. Hydrogen Safety - Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Workshop. Chem. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a United Nations agency, has set targets to reduce its greenhouse gas emission by 50% in 2050 compared to the 2018 baseline emissions. Theyre advocating investing in stimulating production, both to tackle the economic fallout of this years pandemic and to build a future without fear of climate cataclysm. The hydrogen that the world uses today is made from either coal or natural gas. J. Hydrogen Energy 33, 47154729. Sust. So either they are stuck with the cleanest of the fossil fuels or they switch to decarbonised fuels like hydrogen or biogas. The fire detectors are state-of-the-art, costly, and can be vulnerable to false alarms. Hence, there is a need to study economic feasibility and the potential emission reductions association with blue or green H2 for shipping fuel in the sector. Several classes of the CHOSYN problem can be used as foundational elements for the framework proposed in this work. Opin. Des. Int. Understanding the symbiotic relationship between eco-industrial park and hydrogen production. Some of these accidents are due to the lack of knowledge of cylinders or piping operating with gas, lack of understanding of the existence of hydrogen gas, or incorrect monitoring of the hydrogen in process equipment (Mirza et al., 2011). Robust optimization model for closed-loop supply chain planning under reverse logistics flow and demand uncertainty. Comput. And it is expected that link between these two supply chains will help H2 to overcome the technical performance challenges as such energy efficiency, and the high production costs. J. Hydrogen Energy 44, 1507215086. 5. Renew. 132, 249264. BALLARD Available online at: https://blog.ballard.com/hydrogen-fuel-safety (accessed September 30, 2020). Safety investigation of hydrogen charging platform package with CFD simulation. There will be many facets while considering the integrated hydrogen production complex with those industries which can generate mutual benefits. The use of green or blue H2 for the production of value-added products in Qatar will contribute greatly to growing Qatar's industrial portfolio. It is projected that ten time the current production capacity of H2, nearly 600 MTPA is necessary to meet the carbon neutral targets for 2050, see Figure 2 (Hydrogen Council, 2017). Process Intensif. Technol. The Netherlands unveiled a hydrogen strategy in late March, outlining plans for 500 megawatts (MW) of green electrolyser capacity by 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.060, Liu, H., Qu, J., Pan, M., Zhang, B., Chen, Q., and He, C. (2019). Spatial and temporal optimization of hydrogen fuel supply chain for light duty passenger vehicles in British Columbia. However, techno-economic feasibility of hydrogen storage systems is yet to be realized as none of the current conventional gaseous, liquid, and metal hydrides fulfill all the essential criteria for a practical hydrogen economy, mainly because of safety, cost problems, low hydrogen storage capacity, sluggish kinetics, and unacceptable temperatures of hydrogen absorption/desorption (Abe et al., 2019). Transp. This refers to fuel cell vehicle (FCEV) applications and to investment in infrastructure. Qatar to build 800 MW solar power plant on 10 sqkm plot. MarineLink. Hydrogen is a technically promising fuel for transportation. IMO 2020: Hydrogen's future in maritime. Imagine that using it instead of fossil fuels sharply reins in the harmful emissions raising global temperatures, helping the world to solve the climate crisis. Hydrogen supply chain network design: an optimization-oriented review. Energy Rev. It is evident that compared to fossil fuel industries, there will be significant investment in facilities to provide end-users with clean hydrogen. The hydrogen production cost has some uncertainties, which is greatly influenced by the developments in production technology, current infrastructure availability, and feedstock prices. 56, 1381213830. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 15411558. The cost of ecology, energy and risk for the economic model was considered by Dayhim et al. In this regards, large industry (refineries, chemicals facilities, methanol production) and heavy-duty transport (large fleets of hydrogen buses, trucks, trains on non-electrified lines, and maritime, etc.) Certification schemes may help track power consumption (when connected to the Grid) and further emphasize the systemic added value of electrolysers (Burandt et al., 2019). doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.250, Zhang, C., Nguyen, C., Eljack, F., Linke, P., and El-Halwagi, M. M. (2018). Such as: Industrial energy efficiencies will be improved by utilizing the waste energy streams for the H2 generation. Gas Control 88, 7184. Hence, large scale production of H2 from cleaner sources is essential to meet the rising demand for H2 in transportation and all sectors. It should be noted that in certain situations, there are less direct benefits from collaborating with neighbors, but it may have some other benefits, such as enhancement in credibility, and facilitation of the permit. The technology is available, and a rapid increase is now required for cost savings and the economic viability of hydrogen as a long-term facilitator of the energy transition. Such incentives (CAPEX subsidies, tax rebates), with a simple phasing-out route, can be aimed at priority technologies and segments (Burandt et al., 2019; Sofia et al., 2020). Edelia et al. H2 produced for hydrocarbon sources is classified as gray H2, where there is associated carbon emission. Hydrogen is a flammable gas with a wide flammability range (475% by volume) and relatively low ignition energy (0.02 millijoules) (Schmidtchen, 2009). A simulation-optimisation approach for supply chain network design under supply and demand uncertainties. As part of the supply chain, they will import H2, see Figure 5 (Kawasaki, 2019). Hydrogen burns with little fuel, so that nothing will burn unless it is next to the flame immediately (Lasn and Echtermeyer, 2014; Singh et al., 2015). It can have a major effect on network responsiveness and can contribute to customer demand dissatisfaction due to lack of a sound strategic plan. In literature, the researchers highlighted the importance of H2 as a potential cleaner fuel source in the transportation sector (Ochoa Bique and Zondervan, 2018; Khatri and Khatri, 2020; Oliveira et al., 2020; Zareei and Rohani, 2020). It will help to fix one of the key shortcomings in past research on comprehensive hydrogen network design models. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.06.007, Lasn, K., and Echtermeyer, A. T. (2014). Furthermore, it is important to include environmental costs in the proposed model, as the hydrogen search focused on assuming that the energy was clean. The energy outlook scenarios for 2050 are focused on meeting the Paris Agreement's targets of keeping the earth's temperature rise below 1.52.0 degrees Celsius. The demand contribution from this sector can play a major role in economic viability of large scale H2 production and the deployment of H2 as competitive clean energy source. (2020). Measures are required in the short term to cover the initial cost gap (partially) with incumbent technologies (Tsai and Mezher, 2020). Planning sustainable hydrogen supply chain infrastructure with uncertain demand. 76, 7686. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.027, Jurez-Garca, M., Ponce-Ortega, J. M., and El-Halwagi, M. M. (2019). Process safety and abnormal situation management. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814853-2.00002-3, Nguyen, T., Abdin, Z., Holm, T., and Mrida, W. (2019). 10-0205-170347 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). This strategic step will help Qatar take the lead in becoming a global HUB for H2. The second layer includes some secondary feedstock nodes (solar electricity, solar heat, and electricity from the power grid). There remains the question of prices. Integrating H2 production within a large-scale industrial complex can benefit the H2 production supply chain. Part 1: acceptable probability of failure and hydrogen mass. 2, 442454. Qatar has recently submitted an application to join IMO, which indicates their commitment to a sustainable future (Gulf Times, 2018). Finally, the fifth layer includes all demand nodes where each demand node refers the aggregated demand of a specific sector (transportation, industrial, shipping, and global market). However, there are still some barriers to the realization of a hydrogen-based economy, which includes large scale hydrogen production cost, infrastructure investments, bulk storage, transport & distribution, safety consideration, and matching supply-demand uncertainties. Eng. 4. National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan. doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.107144, Kazi, M.-K., Eljack, F., Elsayed, N. A., and El-Halwagi, M. M. (2016). Int. 61, 12421262. These technologies should play a key role in bolstering Europes transport and industry as the continent emerges from the crisis and looks to develop new advanced manufacturing for export, the International Energy Agencys executive director Fatih BirolandFrans Timmermans, executive vice-president of the European Commission, wrote in May. The catch has always been that the cost of making green hydrogen prices it out of competition with fossil fuels, because, even if it is carbon-free, it is energy-intensive. Domnguez-Garca, S., Gutirrez-Antonio, C., De Lira-Flores, J. The initial efforts should be focused on large scale applications that are able to generate rapidly large-scale economies, have minimal infrastructural needs, and are the best performing solution in sectors.

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